introduction to string theory

[Milkyrain]

Particles as notes on a string.
But this did not tell the whole story and so the supersymmetric string theory was devised. Here what we think of as particles are really just strings vibrating at different notes. They resonate at specific frequencies where a whole number of waves fit on each end of the string, as if the ends were tied down. The note and it's pitch corresponds to what we see as the force and mass a beautiful symphony of the particle. The more waves that fit on the string the greater we find it's mass to be. A one meter long string could weigh a thousand trillion tonnes. Perhaps the universe is just played by the Gods. String theory predicts particles that carry gravity and can explain much of what we see in the universe and so that is why this idea has prevailed.
Strings are one dimensional and so must be held in a two dimensional space which is inside of something three dimensional just like a line on a piece of paper on a desk. The strings have many more dimensions than we can experience, possibly eleven. We observe time as being far stranger than the three dimensions before it and so it should not be surprising if the higher dimensions are not stranger still. As the strings ripple through spacetime they would create enough virtual particles to compensate for the energy of the quantum fluctuations.

Brane Universes.
There are numerous different string theories which all seem to overlap and so these theories have been grouped together under the name of M theory. Under M theory there may be different types of universes than just ones built on one dimensional strings, we could live in a universe of 11 dimensions. These fatter strings are called p-branes where the p stands for the number of dimensional that they move in.
M theory combines quantum physics with relativity giving us a quantum theory of gravity. This would give us a unified theory from which all other theories of the universe could be derived and would be deemed a theory of everything. Some say that this argument could be reduced to pure mathematics. Some say it will allow us to read the mind of God.
We may live on a 4 dimensional surface on the edge of a higher dimension of spacetime. In this brane world we could have another brane nearby, our shadow brane. Light would not be able to travel in the space between but gravity would. This would mean that gravity would seem like a relatively weak force to us, we might even feel the mass of the other universe, this might explain the dark matter described earlier. Branes would also be subject to quantum fluctuations just like everything else and so could appear and disappear spontaneously.
If we were to get close to the boundary of the next dimension then we could see a holographic representation of what was happening in our own. This is because higher dimensional information can be given in a lower form as a hologram. This is how a 2 dimensional sheet can show us a three dimensional image as we move around it. Our universe could be a giant hologram of information from a lower dimension and this would be reflected again in the next dimension from us. Here we would see the fifth dimensional strings as holographic representations of the quantum particles in our dimension.
A boundary would be created any time something accelerates, bending time and space. Anything that strains gravity creates a boundary between dimensions, if you were to look inside a black hole you would see a hologram of yourself.
Around a black hole time and space are stretched so much that information flickers around the boundary between dimensions. Perhaps this was why it was found that the amount of stuff entering a black hole was proportional to its 2 dimensional surface area not it's 3 dimensional volume and why when people enter a black hole they can be in two places at once.
This is because relativity tells us that you would be seen by different observers at different times depending on whether they are accelerating with gravity or not. Someone sitting in a space ship watching you fall will see you disintegrate into Hawking radiation as you reached the event horizon. Yet we know that something must remain beyond the event horizon of a black hole because disappearing would be against the law of conservation of energy and so as you enter you would have to also continue to exist.
It can be seen that that is the case because particle and antiparticle pairs can separate as one falls over the edge. Now they are apart they can become real and connected like quanta observing one can tell us what is happening to the other.
In fact you would notice no difference as you passed over the horizon. Here time would be so curved that a millennia would pass before you would get close enough for your body to shrunk to spaghetti.
Yet the observation of your death from outside the event horizon would be correct too. There would only be one you but you would be in two places at once and alive and dead at the same time.

Models in imaginary time.
M theory presents an even stranger theory of time than with relativity. The brane universe can be described in imaginary time. Imaginary numbers, numbers where1 x 1 = -1 and not 1 as you would expect. This sort of mathematics has been found to describe real aspects of the world and might be what dominates inside of singularities like black holes or the early universe.
If the universe is seen through a model where time is imaginary then the classical idea that the universe can only be either infinite or finite no longer applies and there is a third alternative; that the universe could be finite but with out boundary. This would mean that the surface is closed so that the universe would be completely self contained and would circle round on itself like a 4 dimensional sphere. This would only occur if the gravitational forces before the big bang were strong enough for the quantum gravity to have any significant effect and for imaginary time to be dominant.
Like with quanta every possible history of the universe would exist mapped in imaginary time. This would create a multitude of universes all slightly different but with the same physical laws. We would live in one big bang of many. Many of the other universes would be different, in some more dimensions would have uncurled and so the strength of gravity would increase so much that everything would fall back together again.
The map of the history of our universe would show the brane as a bumpy sphere with the extra dimensions we can not see curled up tightly inside. If the brane expanded the volume of the extra dimensions, all curled up for now, would expand too.
It is strange to imagine what these other dimensions would be like, they are so small that we do not notice them, just like how we can mistake a line on a piece of paper as being one dimensional because the pencil is so sharp. We can imagine that there is an extra dimension wrapped around us because we know that all of the dimensions are contained within each other, a line on a piece of paper on a table. We can imagine too that we would be unaware of these higher dimensions, if we were a cartoon on a two dimensional space then we would have no concept of being able to jump off of the paper into the next dimension we would not know it was there.

Loop quantum gravity.
But there are other theories to explain what we see as particles, perhaps they are not strings but tangles in spacetime. In this theory space is comprised of indivisible chucks over a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth the size of a millimetre long. These make loops which are then all connected, wrapping around each other like a tangle of ribbon. They can braid into what we see as particles and tangle into objects and people. Everything in the universe would be sewn from one substance. But there is still the question of where this reality comes from.

[Epsilon=One]

Particles as notes on a string.
But this did not tell the whole story and so the supersymmetric string theory was devised. Here what we think of as particles are really just strings vibrating at different notes. They resonate at specific frequencies where a whole number of waves fit on each end of the string, as if the ends were tied down. The note and it's pitch corresponds to what we see as the force and mass a beautiful symphony of the particle. The more waves that fit on the string the greater we find it's mass to be. A one meter long string could weigh a thousand trillion tonnes. Perhaps the universe is just played by the Gods. String theory predicts particles that carry gravity and can explain much of what we see in the universe and so that is why this idea has prevailed.It’s amazing that those who attack String Theory (ST) cannot see the truth of harmonic “string-like” resonances at the core of all that exists. It is from the fundamental concepts of ST that all enigmas will eventually be easily understood by laypersons and school children.

Unfortunately, much of your opening paragraph is misleading, heuristic analogy that is far from logic and observation because it mixes popular, metaphysical physics theory with fundamental, Natural concepts . . . much the same errors are rife throughout the academic versions of ST.

Strings are one dimensional and so must be held in a two dimensional space which is inside of something three dimensional just like a line on a piece of paper on a desk.Nonsense; but close. (Hint: “something three dimensional” is the dual “envelope” of an Emergent Ellipsoid (www.EmergentEllipse.com).) The concept of strings (motion) evolves before dimensions exist. It would be more accurate to state that orthogonality is the first evolved dimension; then, time, etc. It is the motion, heuristically described, as strings that creates the dimensions, mathematics . . . and all else.

The strings have many more dimensions than we can experience, possibly eleven.Not so. After the first few dimensions the subsequent dimensions occur at a larger scale where a “string-like” description would be hardly appropriate.

We observe time as being far stranger than the three dimensions before it and so it should not be surprising if the higher dimensions are not stranger still.I know of nothing strange about time except the inability of physicists to define it. Time is most straightforward. I would consider the emergence of orthogonality and the Inverse Square Law (ISL) as more subtle.

As the strings ripple through spacetime they would create enough virtual particles to compensate for the energy of the quantum fluctuations.Nonsense: Both “spacetime” and “virtual particles.” Such statements are without much meaning until you define the source and cause of emergence of “quantum fluctuations.”

Brane Universes.
There are numerous different string theories which all seem to overlap and so these theories have been grouped together under the name of M theory. Under M theory there may be different types of universes than just ones built on one dimensional strings, we could live in a universe of 11 dimensions. These fatter strings are called p-branes where the p stands for the number of dimensional that they move in.Such is utter nonsense; by definition the Universe must be a singularity; how else to define its “container”? M-Theory (MT) is just an extension, ad absurdum, of the metaphysics of academic ST.

M theory combines quantum physics with relativity giving us a quantum theory of gravity. This would give us a unified theory from which all other theories of the universe could be derived and would be deemed a theory of everything. Some say that this argument could be reduced to pure mathematics. Some say it will allow us to read the mind of God.Those that suppose god has anthropoidal qualities such as a “mind” will continue to genuflect toward the metaphysical forces of Standard Model physics and never reach the Grail of a “theory of everything” (TOE). You are correct in noting the “argument could be reduced to pure mathematics”; because it can be. Unfortunately, pure mathematicians do not understand much about physics . . . and, vice versa.

We may live on a 4 dimensional surface on the edge of a higher dimension of spacetime. In this brane world we could have another brane nearby, our shadow brane. Light would not be able to travel in the space between but gravity would. This would mean that gravity would seem like a relatively weak force to us, we might even feel the mass of the other universe, this might explain the dark matter described earlier. Branes would also be subject to quantum fluctuations just like everything else and so could appear and disappear spontaneously.Absolute, mind-disabling nonsense.

If we were to get close to the boundary of the next dimension then we could see a holographic representation of what was happening in our own. This is because higher dimensional information can be given in a lower form as a hologram. This is how a 2 dimensional sheet can show us a three dimensional image as we move around it. Our universe could be a giant hologram of information from a lower dimension and this would be reflected again in the next dimension from us. Here we would see the fifth dimensional strings as holographic representations of the quantum particles in our dimension.This is a lot of “boundary” and dimensional nonsense when one considers that dimensions are currently undefined by academia other than circularly.

A boundary would be created any time something accelerates, bending time and space. Anything that strains gravity creates a boundary between dimensions, if you were to look inside a black hole you would see a hologram of yourself.Again, nonsense. No one has defined “time, “space,” “gravity,” a dimensional “boundary” . . . and black holes don’t exist except mathematically in the minds of fantasizing physicists.

Around a black hole time and space are stretched so much that information flickers around the boundary between dimensions. Perhaps this was why it was found that the amount of stuff entering a black hole was proportional to its 2 dimensional surface area not it's 3 dimensional volume and why when people enter a black hole they can be in two places at once.
This is because relativity tells us that you would be seen by different observers at different times depending on whether they are accelerating with gravity or not. Someone sitting in a space ship watching you fall will see you disintegrate into Hawking radiation as you reached the event horizon. Yet we know that something must remain beyond the event horizon of a black hole because disappearing would be against the law of conservation of energy and so as you enter you would have to also continue to exist.
It can be seen that that is the case because particle and antiparticle pairs can separate as one falls over the edge. Now they are apart they can become real and connected like quanta observing one can tell us what is happening to the other.
In fact you would notice no difference as you passed over the horizon. Here time would be so curved that a millennia would pass before you would get close enough for your body to shrunk to spaghetti.
Yet the observation of your death from outside the event horizon would be correct too. There would only be one you but you would be in two places at once and alive and dead at the same time.Even Hawking doesn’t buy into these myths anymore.

Models in imaginary time.I needn’t go any further than the title. How can one speculate concerning “imaginary” time, when no academic can define time?

Loop quantum gravity.
But there are other theories to explain what we see as particles, perhaps they are not strings but tangles in spacetime.Why can’t the tangles result from the “strings”? Spacetime is a continuum; Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) correctly theorizes that space is quantized . . . as is all that exists.

In this theory space is comprised of indivisible chucks over a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth the size of a millimetre long. These make loops which are then all connected, wrapping around each other like a tangle of ribbon. They can braid into what we see as particles and tangle into objects and people. Everything in the universe would be sewn from one substance. But there is still the question of where this reality comes from.LQG certainly makes more sense than most of what comes out of academia. Concerning your question of the first cause; the answer is to be found in the philosophical logic of reduction to the dual limits of a singularity.

I have long said that we are little more than Tangled Motion . . . with a hell of a feedback system.